Primary Key, Foreign Key, Serial Key
So u use Primary key of first table as a forgin key in same table. Technicaly the forgin key should be of same name and must b of same data type in both tables. These can b of different names but not of different data type. I think u may have understand the logic of Primary Key and Forgin Key. Regards Asad Ijaz. A primary key is a special key used to uniquely identify records in a table, whereas a foreign key is used to establish relationship between two tables. Both are identical in structure but play different roles in relational database schema. A FOREIGN KEY is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that refers to the PRIMARY KEY in another table. The Table containing the Foreign Key is called the Child table, and the table containing the candidate key is called the referenced or Parent table. Primary Key and Foreign Key in MySQL Explained with Examples Submitted by Sarath Pillai on Sat, - 20:39 MySQL is the most widely used open source relational database management system in. Foreign Key to non-primary key. If you really want to create a foreign key to a non-primary key, it MUST be a column that has a unique constraint on it. Getting errors when adding a foreign and reference key in mysql. MySQL cannot create foreign key constraint.
In this tutorial, you will learn-
SQLite constraint
Column constraints enforce constraints and rules to the values inserted on a column in order to validate the inserted data. Columns constraints are defined when creating a table, in the column definition.
SQLite Primary Key
All the values on a primary key column should be unique and not null
The primary key can be applied to only one column or on a combination of columns, in the latter case, the combination of the columns' values should be unique for all the tables' rows.
There are a lot of different ways to define a primary key on a table like:
- In the column definition itself:
Syntax:
- As a separate definition:
- To create a combination of columns as a primary key:
Not null constraint
SQLite Not null constraint prevents a column from having a null value:
DEFAULT Constraint
SQLite Default constraint if you don't insert any value in a column, the default value will be inserted instead.
For Example:
If you write an insert statement, and you didn't specify any value for that column, the column will have the value 0.
SQLite UNIQUE constraint
SQLite Unique constraint it will prevent duplicate values among all the values of the column.
For example:
This will enforce the 'EmployeeId' value to be unique, no duplicated values will be allowed. Note that, this applies on the values of the column 'EmployeeId' only.
SQLite CHECK constraint
SQLite check constraint a condition to check an inserted value, if the value doesn't match the condition, it won't be inserted.
You can't insert a value less than 10 in the 'Quantity' column.
What is SQLite Foreign KEY?
The SQLite foreign key is a constraint that verifies the existence of value present in one table to another table that has a relation with the first table where the foreign key is defined.
While working with multiple tables, when there are two tables that relate to each other with one column in common. And if you want to ensure that the value inserted in one of them must exist in the other table's column, then you should use a 'Foreign key Constraint' on the column in common.
In this case, when you try to insert a value on that column, then the foreign key will ensure that the inserted value exists in the table's column.
Note that Foreign keys constraints are not enabled by default in SQLite, you have to enable them first by the running the following command:
Foreign key constraints were introduced in SQLite starting from version 3.6.19.
Example
Suppose if we have two tables; Students and Departments.
The Students table have a list of students, and the departments table has a list of the departments. Each student belongs to a department; i.e., each student has a departmentId column.
Now, we will see how does the foreign key constraint can be helpful to ensure that the value of the department id in the students table must exist in the departments table.
So, if we created a foreign key constraint on the DepartmentId on the Students table, each inserted departmentId have to present in the Departments table.
To check how foreign key constraints can prevent undefined element or value to be inserted in a table that has a relation to another table, we will look into the following example.
In this example, the Departments table has a Foreign key constraint to the Students table, so any departmentId value inserted in the students table must exist in the departments table. If you are tried to insert a departmentId value that doesn't exist in the departments table, the foreign key constraint would prevent you to do that.
Let's insert two departments 'IT' and 'Arts' into the departments table as following:
The two statements should insert two departments into departments table, you can ensure that the two values were inserted by running the query 'SELECT * FROM Departments' after that:
Then try to insert a new student with a departmentId that doesn't exist in the departments' table:
The row won't be inserted, and you will get an error saying that: FOREIGN KEY constraint failed.
-->Primary keys and foreign keys are two types of constraints that can be used to enforce data integrity in SQL Server tables. These are important database objects.
This topic contains the following sections.
Primary Key Constraints
A table typically has a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify each row in the table. This column, or columns, is called the primary key (PK) of the table and enforces the entity integrity of the table. Because primary key constraints guarantee unique data, they are frequently defined on an identity column.
When you specify a primary key constraint for a table, the Database Engine enforces data uniqueness by automatically creating a unique index for the primary key columns. This index also permits fast access to data when the primary key is used in queries. If a primary key constraint is defined on more than one column, values may be duplicated within one column, but each combination of values from all the columns in the primary key constraint definition must be unique.
As shown in the following illustration, the ProductID and VendorID columns in the Purchasing.ProductVendor table form a composite primary key constraint for this table. This makes sure that every row in the ProductVendor table has a unique combination of ProductID and VendorID. This prevents the insertion of duplicate rows.
A table can contain only one primary key constraint.
A primary key cannot exceed 16 columns and a total key length of 900 bytes.
The index generated by a primary key constraint cannot cause the number of indexes on the table to exceed 999 nonclustered indexes and 1 clustered index.
If clustered or nonclustered is not specified for a primary key constraint, clustered is used if there no clustered index on the table.
All columns defined within a primary key constraint must be defined as not null. If nullability is not specified, all columns participating in a primary key constraint have their nullability set to not null.
If a primary key is defined on a CLR user-defined type column, the implementation of the type must support binary ordering.
Foreign Key Constraints
A foreign key (FK) is a column or combination of columns that is used to establish and enforce a link between the data in two tables to control the data that can be stored in the foreign key table. In a foreign key reference, a link is created between two tables when the column or columns that hold the primary key value for one table are referenced by the column or columns in another table. This column becomes a foreign key in the second table.
For example, the Sales.SalesOrderHeader table has a foreign key link to the Sales.SalesPerson table because there is a logical relationship between sales orders and salespeople. The SalesPersonID column in the SalesOrderHeader table matches the primary key column of the SalesPerson table. The SalesPersonID column in the SalesOrderHeader table is the foreign key to the SalesPerson table. By creating this foreign key relationship, a value for SalesPersonID cannot be inserted into the SalesOrderHeader table if it does not already exist in the SalesPerson table.
A table can reference a maximum of 253 other tables and columns as foreign keys (outgoing references). SQL Server 2016 (13.x) increases the limit for the number of other table and columns that can reference columns in a single table (incoming references), from 253 to 10,000. (Requires at least 130 compatibility level.) The increase has the following restrictions:
Greater than 253 foreign key references are only supported for DELETE DML operations. UPDATE and MERGE operations are not supported.
A table with a foreign key reference to itself is still limited to 253 foreign key references.
Greater than 253 foreign key references are not currently available for columnstore indexes, memory-optimized tables, Stretch Database, or partitioned foreign key tables.
Indexes on Foreign Key Constraints
Unlike primary key constraints, creating a foreign key constraint does not automatically create a corresponding index. However, manually creating an index on a foreign key is often useful for the following reasons:
Foreign key columns are frequently used in join criteria when the data from related tables is combined in queries by matching the column or columns in the foreign key constraint of one table with the primary or unique key column or columns in the other table. An index enables the Database Engine to quickly find related data in the foreign key table. However, creating this index is not required. Data from two related tables can be combined even if no primary key or foreign key constraints are defined between the tables, but a foreign key relationship between two tables indicates that the two tables have been optimized to be combined in a query that uses the keys as its criteria.
Changes to primary key constraints are checked with foreign key constraints in related tables.
Referential Integrity
Although the main purpose of a foreign key constraint is to control the data that can be stored in the foreign key table, it also controls changes to data in the primary key table. For example, if the row for a salesperson is deleted from the Sales.SalesPerson table, and the salesperson's ID is used for sales orders in the Sales.SalesOrderHeader table, the relational integrity between the two tables is broken; the deleted salesperson's sales orders are orphaned in the SalesOrderHeader table without a link to the data in the SalesPerson table.
A foreign key constraint prevents this situation. The constraint enforces referential integrity by guaranteeing that changes cannot be made to data in the primary key table if those changes invalidate the link to data in the foreign key table. If an attempt is made to delete the row in a primary key table or to change a primary key value, the action will fail when the deleted or changed primary key value corresponds to a value in the foreign key constraint of another table. To successfully change or delete a row in a foreign key constraint, you must first either delete the foreign key data in the foreign key table or change the foreign key data in the foreign key table, which links the foreign key to different primary key data.
Cascading Referential Integrity
By using cascading referential integrity constraints, you can define the actions that the Database Engine takes when a user tries to delete or update a key to which existing foreign keys point. The following cascading actions can be defined.
NO ACTION
The Database Engine raises an error and the delete or update action on the row in the parent table is rolled back.
CASCADE
Corresponding rows are updated or deleted in the referencing table when that row is updated or deleted in the parent table. CASCADE cannot be specified if a timestamp column is part of either the foreign key or the referenced key. ON DELETE CASCADE cannot be specified for a table that has an INSTEAD OF DELETE trigger. ON UPDATE CASCADE cannot be specified for tables that have INSTEAD OF UPDATE triggers.
SET NULL
All the values that make up the foreign key are set to NULL when the corresponding row in the parent table is updated or deleted. For this constraint to execute, the foreign key columns must be nullable. Cannot be specified for tables that have INSTEAD OF UPDATE triggers.
SET DEFAULT
All the values that make up the foreign key are set to their default values if the corresponding row in the parent table is updated or deleted. For this constraint to execute, all foreign key columns must have default definitions. If a column is nullable, and there is no explicit default value set, NULL becomes the implicit default value of the column. Cannot be specified for tables that have INSTEAD OF UPDATE triggers.
CASCADE, SET NULL, SET DEFAULT and NO ACTION can be combined on tables that have referential relationships with each other. If the Database Engine encounters NO ACTION, it stops and rolls back related CASCADE, SET NULL and SET DEFAULT actions. When a DELETE statement causes a combination of CASCADE, SET NULL, SET DEFAULT and NO ACTION actions, all the CASCADE, SET NULL and SET DEFAULT actions are applied before the Database Engine checks for any NO ACTION.
Triggers and Cascading Referential Actions
Cascading referential actions fire the AFTER UPDATE or AFTER DELETE triggers in the following manner:
All the cascading referential actions directly caused by the original DELETE or UPDATE are performed first.
If there are any AFTER triggers defined on the affected tables, these triggers fire after all cascading actions are performed. These triggers fire in opposite order of the cascading action. If there are multiple triggers on a single table, they fire in random order, unless there is a dedicated first or last trigger for the table. This order is as specified by using sp_settriggerorder.
Internet download manager serial number free. If multiple cascading chains originate from the table that was the direct target of an UPDATE or DELETE action, the order in which these chains fire their respective triggers is unspecified. However, one chain always fires all its triggers before another chain starts firing.
An AFTER trigger on the table that is the direct target of an UPDATE or DELETE action fires regardless of whether any rows are affected. There are no other tables affected by cascading in this case.
If any one of the previous triggers perform UPDATE or DELETE operations on other tables, these actions can start secondary cascading chains. These secondary chains are processed for each UPDATE or DELETE operation at a time after all triggers on all primary chains fire. This process may be recursively repeated for subsequent UPDATE or DELETE operations.
Performing CREATE, ALTER, DELETE, or other data definition language (DDL) operations inside the triggers may cause DDL triggers to fire. This may subsequently perform DELETE or UPDATE operations that start additional cascading chains and triggers.
If an error is generated inside any particular cascading referential action chain, an error is raised, no AFTER triggers are fired in that chain, and the DELETE or UPDATE operation that created the chain is rolled back.
A table that has an INSTEAD OF trigger cannot also have a REFERENCES clause that specifies a cascading action. However, an AFTER trigger on a table targeted by a cascading action can execute an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement on another table or view that fires an INSTEAD OF trigger defined on that object.
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Related Tasks
Primary Key Foreign Key Relationship
The following table lists the common tasks associated with primary key and foreign key constraints.
Primary Key Foreign Key Serial Key West
| Task | Topic |
|---|---|
| Describes how to create a primary key. | Create Primary Keys |
| Describes how to delete a primary key. | Delete Primary Keys |
| Describes how to modify a primary key. | Modify Primary Keys |
| Describes how to create foreign key relationships | Create Foreign Key Relationships |
| Describes how to modify foreign key relationships. | Modify Foreign Key Relationships |
| Describes how to delete foreign key relationships. | Delete Foreign Key Relationships |
| Describes how to view foreign key properties. | View Foreign Key Properties |
| Describes how to disable foreign key constraints for replication. | Disable Foreign Key Constraints for Replication |
| Describes how to disable foreign key constraints during an INSERT or UPDATE statement. | Disable Foreign Key Constraints with INSERT and UPDATE Statements |